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「性差にとらわれないで」独初の女性首相、少女にエール 2006年04月26日19時09分 古典的な男女の役割にとらわれないで――ドイツ初の女性首相のメルケル氏が25日、首相府に少女たちを招き、ジェンダー(社会的性別)にとらわれず、将来の道を探すよう強く促した。ドイツ女性の社会進出は戦後著しいが、「男性優位」の風潮が根強い職種も多く、首相がハッパをかけた格好だ。 企業や研究機関が27日に10~15歳の少女向けに開く一斉職業体験日を前に懇談した。首相は「女性は男性同様、どんな仕事でもすることができる。あの仕事は女性向きとか、これは男性に限るといった観念はなくして欲しい」と力説した。 また自身の学生時代にも触れ、物理学専攻者には男性が多く、「男性が実験器具を独占し、女性はそばで考えるしかなかった。だが研究の誤りを冷静に指摘した」と体験談を披露。「あらゆる展望が開かれている」と笑顔でエールを送った。 職業体験日は政府の奨励で01年に始まり、約7000の企業や研究機関が機会を提供している。 German fights stigma against working mothers By Mark Landler The New York Times MONDAY, APRIL 24, 2006 FRANKFURT Surely Germany, cradle of the kindergarten and home to some of the world's most generous maternity-leave policies, would do everything it could to make life easier for mothers who work, right? Well, no. Few developed countries are more resistant to the idea of working mothers, and the hostility can be summed up in one word: Rabenmutter. It means raven mother, and refers to women who leave their children in an empty nest while they fly away to pursue a career. The phrase, which sounds like something out of the Brothers Grimm, has been used by Germans for centuries as a synonym for bad parent. Today, it is at the center of a new debate on the future of the German working woman, prompted by the first woman to lead the country, Chancellor Angela Merkel. Merkel herself, a physicist and career politician, has no children, making her typical of her generation of German professional women. But she has appointed Ursula von der Leyen, a physician and mother of seven, as minister for family affairs. Von der Leyen has taken it on herself to challenge some deeply held, if only whispered, prejudices here, chief among them that women must choose either to work or to raise children. To her critics, many of whom belong to her own conservative Christian Democratic Party, von der Leyen is Germany's latest incarnation of the Rabenmutter - a driven creature determined to impose her own superhuman lifestyle on women who can neither deal with it nor afford it. Never mind that people who study ravens say these birds are quite attentive mothers. Or that von der Leyen is not even raven-haired (her casually styled hair is blond). What upsets her critics is that she is unapologetic about her message. "The question is not whether women will work," she said in an interview. "They will work. The question is whether they will have kids." Germany, she said, must make it easier for women to do both, because it now has one of the lowest birth rates in the world. The number of children born here in 2005 was the lowest in a single year since 1945. If the trend holds, the population will decline 17 percent by 2050 - hobbling the economy and an already-strained social system. Immigration can solve only part of the problem. Even if Germany's annual influx of immigrants were to double to 200,000, the population would still shrink 8.5 percent by 2050. And Germany already struggles to absorb the current waves of Turks and others. The answer, von der Leyen argues, is to rewrite Germany's family policies. While they offer relatively generous payments and benefits, like two years of parental leave support, they help force women into a long-term choice between work and family. Kindergartens and child-care centers close at noon, and most state-run schools by 1 p.m. Mothers without helpful parents or the budget for a nanny are stuck. The French government, by contrast, supports an extensive network of day-care and after-school centers, many open until 6 p.m. Social attitudes only deepen the problems. While the law entitles men to paid family leave, few take it, fearing it will cripple their careers. Yet women who work while rearing children meet disapproval from colleagues and bosses. Rather than vault the hurdles and shoulder the guilt, many German women skip having children. In 2005, 42 percent of those with academic careers were childless. That is double the percentage in France, which has one of Europe's highest birth rates. Von der Leyen says she wants to combine the flexible child care of France with the financial incentives of Sweden. Her main proposal is to shorten parental leave support in Germany to 12 months, but tie payments - up to $2,200 a month - to income. Higher-income families would have more incentive to have babies, while the shorter duration would prod mothers to return to work sooner. She would also require fathers to take at least two months off work, if a family is to receive the full 12 months of benefits, to pressure men to take more responsibility. That provision has particularly rankled conservatives in the Christian Democratic Party, which governs Germany in a grand coalition with the Social Democrats. Some of that is old-fashioned gender politics: Many Christian Democrats, like conservatives in most places, champion traditional families, with a working father and a homemaking mother. But Germany's particular history also raises emotions in the debate, sometimes in contradictory ways. The Nazis were the last enthusiastic practitioners of family policy in Germany, a fact that has made people here queasy about any repopulation schemes. But the Nazis also celebrated the stay-at-home mother, a fact that von der Leyen's supporters cite. "The thinking that mothers should look after children and men should go out and support the family is a product of our dark past," said Reiner Klingholz, director of the Berlin Institute for Population and Development. "It's still in the minds of people, even if they sound liberal or progressive."
by alfayoko2005
| 2006-04-26 19:39
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